人間は、服装が一風変わっているとか、異なる民族に属しているなど、外見に「違い」のある他者を目にしたとき、そのような相手を、主体性(agency)を有する者としてみなす傾向が低くなる(この場合の主体性とは、計画し、行動し、自制心を発揮する能力を指す)。あるいは、2010年のfMRI(機能的磁気共鳴画像)を使った実験では、男性は「性的特徴を強調した」女性を見るとき、通常は精神状態の属性に関連付けられる脳の領域の活性が低下することが明らかになった。われわれは、本をカバーによって判断するように人の外見から心を判断する、皮相な生き物なのだ。
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